What are the causes of unethical practices in advertising Essay Example For Students

What are the causes of unethical practices in advertising Essay ?Marketing is what you do when your product is no good. Most efficent way to increase sales is advertising. Advertisements announce your product and give information about product?s quality and the functions. Advertisements can easily pay attention people and have significantly effect to direct consumer preferences.. As well as advertisements have a lot of advantages they could be harmful. The causes of unethical advertising can be counted in three main areas. These are not following ethical rules, targeting children, and confusion over new media platforms. Advertisers who are following their own rules sometimes dont care if the advertisements are true or harmful. They just trying to sell products.When some companies trying to sell low quality products they don?t tell truth about the products in advertisements. They are going to hide it?s defects and show more than what is it in reality. Marketers persuade and change consumers decisions about what should they purchase by telling lies and giving false information.They are misleading to consumers and this make consumers more awareness when they are shopping. Advertisers also take care social consciousness to pay attention. Companies ignore morality and they are just interest to gain money. Use social consicousness to advantage of them. ?Objectivation of woman could be seen in? most of advertisements include woman and always illustrate those woman as a sexual object or in detergant advertisements women is shown restricted to the home and isolated from other women that is outside of home. A dvertisers dont consider woman as a human they think women as an object. For a company easiest targets are children. Glossy images on the billboards or flashy advertisements on televisions have an effect on children?s minds. These advertisements have bad effect on their young minds and change their world view. That cannot be ignored. According to Richard, U. (2012). Marketing the Case for enhanced advertising ethics. Journal of Advertising Research. Vol. 15, pp 37-39) children are vulnerable and easily influenced and dont know the difference between advertising and enterainment. Therefore advertisers m?ust be aware of this and protect children. So parents also should be aware of this and they have to work stop and prevent these unethical practices in advertising. Also media platforms should be checked. We will write a custom essay on What are the causes of unethical practices in advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now New media resources are getting stronger and more pwerful. As the media is getting stronger advertisements are becoming more effective. Advertisers put subliminal messages on videos or news. New social media like Facebook and blogs make it diffiuclt to distinguish the difference between editorial content and advertisement, (Ricahrd). These kind of advertsing seems legal but that should be asked if they are ethical. Sometimes we don?t know if the advertising or marketing is paid for by the company that makes the product or if it is being written by someone who is a consumer of the product. Advertisers have to be very careful if they are too be ethical. Advertising is to help people sell their products and so make money for them. Many people mistrust advertising and this can be blamed on the unethical advertising that they have seen and perhaps caused them to buy a product that does not do what it promised or breaks easily. Companies need to make sure they are honest in their advertising, that they don not target children and are clear that an advertisement is an advertisement rather than a review or a testimonial.

Should insurable interests be abolished Essay Example

Should insurable interests be abolished Essay Example Should insurable interests be abolished Essay Should insurable interests be abolished Essay Should insurable involvements be abolished? In this thesis I will ship upon a elaborate rating of the jurisprudence in relation to ‘insurable interests.’ I shall through analysis of legislative act and case-law describe the current regulations refering to this country of jurisprudence, and shall sketch the advantages and disadvantages of such. Through treatment of the altering fortunes giving rise to insurable involvements I shall so measure whether or non, based upon these analyses, we should get rid of insurable involvement from UK Law. The first thing to observe is that historically it has been really hard to place a general regulation to explicate when insurable involvements should use, as there has neer been a general demand for an insured to possess an involvement in the capable affair of an insurance policy. Alternatively specific regulations have been developed for different types of insurance agreements. For illustration, the regulations refering to Life Assurance Policies are set out in the Life Assurance Act 1774, which describes itself as â€Å"An Act for modulating Insurances upon Lives, and for forbiding all such Insurances, except in instances where the Persons sing shall hold an Interest in the Life or Death of the Persons insured, † whereas the regulations refering to Marine Insurance policies are governed by the Marine Insurance Act 1906, a codification of the regulations contained in the earlier statutory instruments ; the Marine Insurance Act 1746 and the Marine Insurance Act 1788. Other policies, including liability and belongings insurance are governed by regulations which have been established through common jurisprudence instead than legislative act, but are similar in nature to the regulations contained within the Marine Insurance Act 1906. I shall discourse the assorted different types of Insurance Policy and the particular regulations which govern the demand of insurable involvements in greater deepness subsequently in this essay, but for now I would merely wish to do the point that the deficiency of general regulations refering to insurable involvement topographic points an interesting new dimension to the treatment subject with which we are faced in this essay ; should insurable involvements be abolished wholly, or are their certain types of insurance policies to which they should go on to use? Before we embark on our analysis of the instance jurisprudence and the legislative act refering to insurable involvements, allow us foremost be clear about the nature of the philosophy. The philosophy of insurable involvements precludes those people who have certain types of involvements in the life, liability or belongings to be insured from lawfully buying insurance policies over those involvements. In basic footings, the philosophy of insurable involvements prevents a individual from taking out insurance policies on life, belongings or liabilities in which that individual has no vested involvement or ownership. The principle for this regulation is about axiomatic ; to let person to take out an insurance policy against, for illustration, the devastation of belongings in which he or she does non hold any ownership would be to efficaciously allow such a individual to utilize the insurance system as a method for chancing, the insurance premiums stand foring the exclusive steak, and the pay-out against the devastation of that belongings as the pay-out. R Merkin, in his article â€Å"Gambling by Insurance – A Study of the Life Assurance Act 1774 [ 1 ] † argues this point persuasively, and points out that such a gambling civilization contravenes the really implicit in aims of the UK insurance system ; it is non a system designed to assist people enrich themselves through bad luck, but instead one which compensates or reimburses for losingss really suffered. Therefore, we may province that one of the cardinal aims of the philosophy of insurable involvements is to continue the insuranc e rule of insurance by forestalling people utilizing insurance as a method for chancing. From this analysis emerges yet another immorality which the philosophy of insurable involvements is obviously trying to forestall ; is person is allowed to see against belongings, life which does non belong to them, so that individual would so hold a vested involvement in the devastation of that belongings. For illustration, if I have taken out insurance against my neighbour’s ?250,000 house, at an one-year premium of ?500, so if the house was destroyed, so I would efficaciously do a net income of ?249,500. Whilst non everybody would really put about to intentionally destruct others belongings, the potency for utmost net income would surely promote some people to prosecute in this pattern. Therefore another chief aim of the philosophy of insurable involvements is to forestall moral jeopardy ; insurance policies should non make inducements for people to destruct the capable affair of the policy. As mentioned antecedently, the philosophy of insurable involvements was established by 18th century legislative act ; the Life Assurance Act 1746 or the Life Assurance Act 1774. These two legislative acts nevertheless failed to prosecute in a definition of what was meant precisely by an ‘insurable interest.’ Debate ensued as to whether an insurable involvement should be limited to strictly legal involvements, or whether a ‘factual expectation’ of an involvement in the belongings would do. The range of this argument can be seen through a comparing of two 18th century instance determinations. The first is the instance of Le Cras v. Hughes 1782 [ 2 ] . The facts of this instance were as follows: A British Captain was appointed Captain of a Spanish vas, which was captured by the British in the war with Spain. Under the Prize Act, the crew of a ship may really, under certain fortunes, be awarded with the rubric of a ship and its goods one time a captured ship returned to England. With this in head, the crew of the ship decided to take out an insurance policy to protect their possible involvement in the ship. On their ocean trip back to England a violent storm destroyed the ship, and as such the Captain and the staying crew tried to claim for the loss of the ship on their insurance policy, but the insurance company refused to pay out on the footing that the legal involvement in the ship had non yet become vested in the Captain as the ship neer managed to return to England in tact. Judge Mansfield, whilst holding with the insurance company that the Captain did non really have a legal anticipation in the vas, still held that the Captain should be able to retrieve. He reasoned that the Captain has acquired what might be described as a ‘factual expectancy’ based upon the fact that from past experience of English maritime usage whenever a gaining control has been made, since the Revolution ( 1688 ) , by sea or land, the Crown has made a grant and there has been no case to the contrary. Judge Mansfield hence held that the Captain of the ship did in fact possess an insurable involvement and was entitled to be reimbursed for the full cost of the ship by the insurance company: An involvement is necessary, but no peculiar sort of involvement is required. Master Holfold s insurance though non a vested involvement, were held insurable. An agent of awards may see his net incomes though they are in eventuality Some writers see this instance as simply an illustration of the jurisprudence intervening and making a philosophy in order to forestall unfair consequences from happening ; the Captain did non take out a policy for the intents of unfair enrichment, but instead to protect his possible involvement in the vas. The opinion of this instance is non in dispute to the insurance rule of insurance, and hence Judge Mansfield could see no ground why the Captains claim should non be allowed. The philosophy of factual outlook may therefore hold been created to let the tribunals to relinquish the rigorous legal regulations where appropriate, i.e. where the consequence through application of the rigorous legal regulations would non be the most merely in the full fortunes of the instance. This instance may hence be seen as an illustration of judicial pragmatism. On the other side of the coin is the instance of Lucena v. Crawford ( 1805 [ 3 ] ) , a instance that attempted to set up a narrow and stiff legal definition of insurable involvement. The facts of this instance are really similar to those that we have merely discussed supra, but in this instance, Lord Eldon decided that he did non desire to advance the philosophy of factual outlook, but instead make a stiff regulation that would advance a greater grade of legal certainty in instances sing the designation of insurable involvements. Lord Eldon insisted that the being of an insurable involvement must depend upon the being of a legal right, and as the Captain did non hold a legal right to the ship in inquiry, he could non be supported by jurisprudence in his claim against the insurance company. His concluding for this determination was as follows ; if the insurance company who had insured the ship were in a place to be able to see a ship when they did non at that minute in clip have any belongings involvement in that vas, so it would similarly be possible for anyone to see the ship and as such all the jobs of the insurance system being used as a method for chancing would once more originate: ..If they have a right so to see, it seems to me that any individual who is directed to take goods into his warehouse may see If moral certainty be a land of insurable involvement, there are 100s, possibly 1000s, who would be entitled to see. First the dock company, so the dock-master, so the warehouse-keeper, so the porter, so every other individual who to a moral certainty would hold anything to make with the belongings, and of class get something by it. Eldon farther supported his statement by manner of a conjectural analogy: Suppose A be possessed of a ship limited to B in instance A dies without issue ; that A has 20 kids, the eldest of whom is 20 old ages of age ; and B is 90 old ages of age. It is a moral certainty that B will neer come into ownership, yet this is a clear involvement. On the other manus, say the instance of the inheritor at jurisprudence of a adult male who has an estate worth 20,000 a twelvemonth, who is 90 old ages of age ; upon his death-bed intestate, and incapable from incurable madness from doing a will, there is no many who will deny that such an inheritor at jurisprudence has a moral certainty of wining to the estate ; yet the jurisprudence will non let that he has any involvement, or any thing more than a mere outlook. In Eldon’s sentiment hence the former would hold an insurable involvement, whereas the latter would non. And so we can get down to see non merely the aims behind the philosophy of insurable involvements, but besides the practical jobs of making a legal trial which will forestall these aims being breached but that will besides, at the same clip allow those who should, in the fortunes of their instance, be awarded wage from their insurance companies, despite their non holding a rigorous legal involvement in the belongings in inquiry. The inquiry which we must now inquire ourselves is this ; are these aims still of import in the twenty-first Century, and if so, are they so of import that the philosophy of insurable involvements must stay in UK jurisprudence? Let us now examine how the philosophy of insurable involvements has developed since the above instances, with peculiar mention to how the regulations differ for each type of insurance policy ; after all, as touched upon earlier in the essay, there is no general regulation that an insurable involvement is required for every type of insurance policy, and hence there is no ground why our decision must be limited to a yes or no reply as to whether this philosophy should be abolished. In relation to life confidence policies, the jurisprudence insists that the insurance company, i.e. the individual taking out the insurance policy, has an insurable involvement in the life of the insured, i.e. the individual whose life is being insured. Straight off we can see a job with using our earlier definitions of insurable involvement to such state of affairss ; a individual can non purely talking have a legal involvement in the life of another. The jurisprudence in this country nevertheless has developed to merely allow people to take out life confidence policies against either their partner, or any individual who is financially dependent upon the individual taking out the insurance policy. The legal authorization for this limited range is contained in subdivision 1 of the 1774 Life Assurance Act, which provides: â€Å"†¦ no insurance shall be made by any individual †¦ on the life or lives of any individual, or on any other event or events whatsoever, wherein the i ndividual or individuals for whose usage, benefit, or on whose history such policy or policies shall be made, shall hold no involvement, or by manner of chancing or wagering: and that every confidence made contrary to the true purpose and significance hereof shall be void and null to all purposes and intents whatsoever.† The inquiry which immediately comes to mind is how the jurisprudence can warrant a differentiation between those twosomes who are married and those twosomes that are un-married but are live togethering in a similar manner? After all we can non doubt the fact that a twosome may be in love with one another and be in close propinquity whether married or non, and as such, the same justification for leting married twosomes to see against each other’s possible decease must use to those twosomes who are populating together. In relation to Marine Insurance, as mentioned earlier, the jurisprudence is governed by the Marine Insurance Act 1906, a codification of the regulations contained in the earlier statutory instruments ; the Marine Insurance Act 1746 and the Marine Insurance Act 1788. The relevant subdivisions refering to the philosophy of insurable involvements are as follows: Section 4 ( 1 ) of the Act provides that: â€Å"Every contract of Marine insurance by manner of gambling or wagering is void.† This subdivision clearly demonstrates that the aims of the philosophy of insurable involvement, as discussed antecedently, were still, in 1906, a great concern to the legislators of the clip. Section 4 ( 2 ) of the Act sets out the state of affairss which will be classed by jurisprudence as ‘gambling or wagering’ : â€Å"A contract of Marine insurance is deemed to be a gambling or beting contract- ( a ) Where the assured has non aninsurable involvementas defined by this Act, and the contract is entered into with nooutlook of geting such an involvement; or ( B ) Where the policy is made â€Å"interest or no involvement, † or â€Å"without farther cogent evidence of involvement than the policy itself, † or â€Å"without benefit of salvage to the insurance company, † or capable to any other similar term: Provided that, where there is no possibility of salvage, a policy may be effected without benefit of salvage to the insurance company. † Within this subdivision we can see an incorporation of both the rigorous legal trial of insurable involvement [ as highlighted in bold above ] along with an recognition that a factual outlook will do as an insurable involvement [ in italics above ] . The existent definition of insurable involvement nevertheless is contained in subdivision 5 of the 1906 Act, which provides that: â€Å" ( 1 ) Subject to the commissariats of this Act, every individual has an insurable involvement who is interested in a marine escapade. ( 2 ) In peculiar a individual is interested in a marine escapade where he stands in any legal or just relation to the escapade or to any insurable belongings at hazard therein, in effect of which he may profit by the safety or due reaching of insurable belongings, or may be prejudiced by its loss, or harm thereto, or by the detainment thereof, or may incur liability in regard thereof.† And so we can see that one of the differences between the philosophy of insurable involvement in relation to life confidence as opposed to marine insurance is the fact that with the former the insurable involvement must be at the clip of taking out the policy [ 4 ] , whereas with the latter an insurable involvement is merely required at the point of loss [ 5 ] . This opposing point of view does non truly do much rational sense, and non merely supports our earlier unfavorable judgment that the philosophy of insurable involvement should use to life confidence policies between single twosomes, but besides raises a concern as to the anomalous nature of the philosophy and the ensuing deficiency of legal certainty. There are farther anomalousnesss ; the regulations of insurable involvements for insurance insurance policies are non governed by either of the above statute law, but instead through common jurisprudence which has come to the place that for such policies an insurable involvement is required but that such an involvement may be direct or indirect and can be proved through demoing that the individual concerned has suffered a loss [ 6 ] . The regulations of insurable involvement for all other types of insurance policy are governed, albeit indirectly, by Section 18 of the Gaming Act which renders unenforceable â€Å"All contracts or understandings, whether by word or in authorship, by manner of gambling or wagering, shall be void and void.† As we can see, the fact that there are different regulations for each type of insurance policy, and the fact that there are disagreements in the application of the philosophy of insurable involvements between each of these different insurance types truly does intend that the jurisprudence in this country is extremely unaccessible, in that the regulations for the application of this philosophy are contained in ancient legislative act and case-law and are non easy to happen, and incoherent, in that there are anomalousnesss such as the one pertaining to the life confidence of un-married twosomes. In portion the anomalousnesss may merely be a consequence of the fact that this philosophy has been developed in a piece-meal manner over a long period of clip, but whatever the grounds the fact is that this is a major unfavorable judgment of the current jurisprudence pertaining to insurable involvements. Waller LJ nevertheless, in the instance of Feasey V Sun Life Assurance Company [ 7 ] , argues that due to the nature of the construct of the philosophy of insured involvements, it impossible to hold the same set of regulations which applies to every type of insurance policy. He said: â€Å"†¦ I would propose that it is hard to specify insurable involvement in words which will use in all state of affairss. The context and the footings of a policy with which the tribunal is concerned will be all important. The words used to specify insurable involvement in, for illustration, a belongings context, should non be slavishly followed in different contexts, and words used in a life insurance context where one identified life is the topic of the insurance may non be wholly apt where the topic is many lives and many events. [ 8 ] † I would reason that whilst I agree that there good may some cardinal and built-in grounds for using the philosophy of insured involvements otherwise dep ending upon which type of loss is the topic of an insurance policy, greater justification is required if such disagreements are allowed to prevail. Ward LJ, in the same instance did non hold with Waller LJ but instead advocated thatâ€Å"for the interest of lucidity and consistence, insurable involvement should bear every bit about as possible the same significance for all classs of insurance.†I agree with Ward’s sentiment. These unfavorable judgments aside, the fact is that in pattern the judiciary tend to favor the determination of an insurable involvement in such instances. The ground for this was expressed compactly by Brett MR in the instance of Stock V Inglis ( 1884 ) [ 9 ] : â€Å"In my sentiment it is the responsibility of a Court ever to tilt in favor of an insurable involvement, if possible, for it seems to me that after investment bankers have received the premium, the expostulation that there was no insurable involvement is frequently, every bit about as possible, a proficient expostulation, and one which has no existent virtue, surely non as between the assured and the insurer.† Given this go oning desire to see that insurance companies meet their fiscal duties to those people from whom they have accepted insurance premiums, and given the legislatives continued committedness to forbid contracts of gaming and wagering, we must inquire ourselves whether or non the philosophy of insurable involvements has any existent topographic point in out 21stCentury Insurance jurisprudence. Besides, the modern demands of uberrima fides [ utmost good religion ] make impulsive revelation of all relevant material facts known to the insured party a legal demand, and based upon this information it is up to the insurance company to make up ones mind whether they wish to see against the hazard in inquiry, and what premium they require. I do non believe that it is just that an insurance company can hold to see person for a hazard at a certain premium, and so when that hazard materialises into a world the insurance company turn about and decline to do payment on the trifle of defic iency of insurable involvements. On this footing I feel that whilst it may non be necessary to get rid of the philosophy of insurable involvements, alteration is surely required to guarantee that it is non used by insurance companies as a proficient land for equivocation of liability. An interesting statement has been put frontward by Clarke in his 2005 article Policies and Perceptions of Insurance Law in the Twenty-first Century [ 10 ] . He argues that the philosophy of insurable involvement does non function its intent in the manner that it purports to make. He argues that people should be allowed to see against what they choose, be it other people or other people’s belongings. He grounds this statement by was of a conjectural illustration: â€Å"If A, for grounds which A knows best, values B s life adequate to pay premiums, why non allow A make so? Why non trust people? Why non swear the constabulary, who will be the first to look at A if B dies all of a sudden, and society at big to see that B is safe from A? † This is a really good point ; after all should belongings be destroyed or a individual be killed the constabulary would be the first to ask as to who would profit from such occurrences and this would in most instances point to the perpetrator. What Clarke does non account for in his statement is the fact that if insuring on other people’s lives became a wide-spread commercial world, it may be really hard for the constabulary to place the individual who performed the condemnable harm or slaying, as the perpetrator may be one of a figure within an insurance mob. Despite this, I do empathise with Clarke’s point of view, and do experience that it would be better to hold a system which was non so randomly restrictive. In decision, I would reason that there surely is a instance for the abolishment of the philosophy of insurable involvements ; the current philosophy and the regulations thereof are really unaccessible, being contained in different and really ancient instance jurisprudence and legislative act, inconsistent [ as between different types of insurance policy ] and in topographic points are unduly restrictive. It can besides be argued that there is no existent demand for the philosophy in 21stCentury insurance jurisprudence, as the contractual demand of uberrima fides coupled with the jurisprudence which prohibit bet oning or beting in such contexts are sufficient to forestall insurance policies being used in such ways without the philosophy of insurable involvements. These are non needfully nevertheless exceptionally strong grounds for get rid ofing this philosophy wholly, but there is no uncertainty that it surely needs reform. The jurisprudence should be clarified, with one regulation which applies to all sorts of insurance policy. Besides, insurance companies should be regulated to a greater grade so that they can non utilize the philosophy as a trifle by which they will seek to avoid paying out on their insurance policies. Bibliography and Mentions Legislative acts: Life Assurance Act 1774 Marine Insurance Act 1906 Marine Insurance Act 1746 Marine Insurance Act 1788 Life Assurance Act 1746 Cases: Le Cras v. Hughes 1782 99 Eng.Rep. 549 ( KB 1782 ) Master Holfold s Lucena v. Crawford ( 1805 ) 127 Eng.Rep. 630 ( 1805 ) 331Dalby 5 India and London Life-Assurance Co ( 1854 ) 15 CB 365 Siu Yin Kwan V Eastern Insurance [ 1994 ] 2 AC 199. Stock V Inglis ( 1884 ) 12 QBD 564 Feasey V Sun Life Assurance Company [ 2002 ] 2 AER ( Comm ) 492 and [ 2003 ] 2 AER ( Comm ) 587 Diaries: R Merkin â€Å"Gambling by Insurance – A Study of the Life Assurance Act 1774† ( 1980 ) 9 Anglo-American Law Review M A Clarke, Policies and Perceptions of Insurance Law in the Twenty-first Century ( 2005 ) P 38. Leimberg and Gibbons, TOLI, COLI, BOLI, and Insurable Interests An Interview With Michel Nelson, Estate Planning Magazine, Vol. 28, No. 1, July 2001, Pg. 333. â€Å"Insurable Interest in Property: A Socio-Economic Re-evaluation of a Legal Concept† B Harnett, JV Thornton Columbia Law Review, 1948 1

Aztec Well Servicing Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aztec Well Servicing Company - Essay Example As much as Aztec company failed to conform to the laws, the employees failed to proof. The evidence provided was not sufficient to proof that the time spent during travelling was part of the job. The different crews showed inconsistency in the activities they did during travel time. In addition, the activities done during the travelling time were preliminary to the actual job the plaintiffs had been employed to do. There complaint shows no specificity on the amount of time spent to discuss work related issues during the travel. The claimants failed to include some of their grievances in their initial complaint (Mataya, 2005; Hickox, 2006). The plaintiffs also failed to totally proof that the work they performed during the travelling was meant to benefit the employee like the FLSA Act demands. The training was for their own benefit as it was in favour of their safety (Nayab, 2010). In my opinion, the portal-to-portal act is biased and is liable work against employees who may not be well informed. It is quite unfair to define the several hour spent travelling and doing some work related activities like in the case of Aztec employees as ordinary travel (Mataya,

Floating and Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Floating and Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes - Essay Example Views on the cause and lessons of the Mexican monetary crisis differ as evidence in numerous media articles and educational studies subsequent the crash. To some, the depression of the peso was a terrible mistake. To others, the final collapse seemed predictable and the only subject was timing. Dornbusch, Goldfajn, and Valdes fit in to the latter. They quality the disaster to the nominal exchange rate fasten and unsustainable real approval of the peso. This view is communal by Obstfeld who states that it is dangerous to rely on the exchange rate as the main long-term instrument for plummeting chronic high price rises. Similarly, Edwards blames the unsustainable present account deficit, caused by genuine approval and financed by large assets inflows, for the peso fall down The instinct that the slope of the Phillips curve is connected to openness is based on models of little open economies with supposed rigidities. In such models, surprising monetary expansion characteristically leads to real money depreciation. There are potentially two belongings on the trade-off. When price rises is measured in terms of a customer cost index, the result of the depreciation on the domestic cost of imports will add to the price raises cost of a financial expansion. Meanwhile, if salary is partly indexed to a customer cost index, or if overseas goods are old as intermediate inputs in home production, the production gain to a known monetary growth will be abridged. Both effects denote that the Phillips curve is probable to be steeper in comparatively unlock economies, but this theory has hardly ever been experienced (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs). Clearly the quarrel rests winning systematic exchange rate effects of financial shocks. As discussed by Obstfeld and Rogoff (1996, pp. 621-22) the conservative wisdom is that main strategy shifts are indeed linked with exchange rate changes, precisely as predicted by powerful models with supposed rigidities such as that of Dornbusch (1976). They quote as examples the Volcker depression of the early 1980s in the United States, the Thatcher-Howe depression in the United Kingdom at the similar time, and the experiences of more than a small number of Latin American countries in the 1990s. That supposed, Obstfeld and Rogoff also summit out that the aptitude of the Mundell-Fleming-Dornbusch model to forecast exchange rate changes methodically is rather additional contentious. The Impacts of Capital Inflows A country's equilibrium of payments (BOP) can be alienated into two parts: the in general balance (OB) and the equilibrium of official set aside transactions (OR). The technological setup of BOP is such that OB + OR = 0. OB consists of the present account equilibrium (C) and the non-official assets account equilibrium (K) (hereafter this is just referred to as the assets explanation all through the paper). OR reflects the monetary authority's interference in the overseas exchange market. Under a merely floating exchange rate regime, the monetary right is not compelled to interfere so that the exchange rate will regulate in a

Strategic Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategic Financial Management - Essay Example The market prices absorb the security prices rapidly, as early as the information on the organisations is available in the market. As per the efficient market hypothesis, the market efficiency refers to both the magnitude and direction of the price amendments. This is done by absorbing the new information available in the market. Different intensities of the market efficiency have led the capital markets to be segmented into different efficiency forms. The efficiency level of an efficient market can be of three types; weak form efficiency, semi strong form efficiency. Capital markets have weak form efficiency of the current securities prices in it reflect certain historical information. The semi strong efficient markets reflect the past price movement in the securities and at the same time represent all currently available public information. The strong form capital markets reflect all the public and privately available information related to the securities. However, the analysis her e would consider the characteristics and behaviour of the strong efficient capital market. One of the typical financing decisions of a firm includes decisions on the issuance of the equity and debt securities. The implication of an efficient capital market means that the market prices reflect all the available information needed to have a fair pricing of all the existing securities. As the purchasing and selling of securities take place at the prevailing market price, the transaction would never result in a positive net present value.

The Discovery Of America

The Discovery Of America The discovery of America is one of the most argued and controversial issues discussed today by historians and different groups of interest. Many people think that Columbus deserves the praise for the discovery of America while, others believe that he deserves no credit because when he landed on the Island there were already natural inhabitants there who had been living there for centuries. Certainly, historical scriptures show that Columbus was not the first one to step on the new world. There were other people who expedited to America, some with the aim of finding a new world and some for discovering other places. However, still in todays new world much acknowledgment is given officially to Christopher Columbus for discovering their place without recognizing that other people who visited before the new land have set the prerequisites for Columbus to continue with his search. Thus, before Columbus made the giant leap on the new world, there were already existing footprints of the Vik ings, Leif Erikson, and Prince Madoc of Wales. The Vikings society is known in the history as first notated discovery proving that Columbus wasnt the first to discover the New World. The Vikings were the oldest and largest Dark Age re-enactment society in the United Kingdom, and probably the world. Columbus discovery occurred in 1492 but, the discoveries from the Vikings go all the way back to the period of 790 to 1066. The truth about Vikings colonization of North America was uncovered in 1961 at LAnse-aux-Meadows, Newfoundland, by a team of archaeologists lead by Helge Ingstad. They unearthed the remains of a Viking settlement dated to around 1000 AD. By 1973, archaeologists had uncovered the remains of seven Viking houses, a blacksmiths shop, and a host of medieval artifacts, including rusty nails, fragments of iron, a small piece of smelted copper, a stone lamp, a Norse cloak pin and a spindle whorl for making wool. Radiocarbon tests dated the at least a dozen objects to about AD1000, plus or minus 70 years (Fulton, 41). Viki ng rune stones have been discovered in Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Minnesota, Oklahoma and Massachusetts. And a rusty though perfectly good battle axe at Rocky Point, Cape Ann (Fulton, 41). Thus, it is argued that the Vikings were among the first to step on the new world that made a major impact on European history through trade, travel and, many advances in art and family life. In addition, Lefi Erikson played an important role in discovering America. To begin with, the earliest documented claim for the discovery of America belongs to a Norse Captain named Bjarni Herjolfsson. Professor Samuel Wilson of the University of Texas writes of Bjarni, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sailed from Iceland for Greenland in search of his father. During his journey he ran into bad weather and was blown off course to a coast that did not fit the formidable mountains and glaciers of Greenland.(18). Only wanting to find his father, Bjarni corrected his course and sailed for Greenland without landing on these new shores. Gerald Parshall writes, When Bjarni finally reached Greenland, he reported the flat wooden country he had sited to Erik the Red. (3). Erik was the Norwegian explorer who discovered and colonized Greenland and the father of Leif Erikson. When Leif heard the story of the lands to the west, he bought Bjarnis boat and sailed west to explore this newfound land. As he sailed, Leif explored and named three countries: Helluland (flat stone land), a rocky and barren land, probably Baffin Island, Markland (woodland), a low forested coast, most certainly Labrador or Newfoundland. (Wilford, 4). Leif continued south along the coast perhaps as far as New England and named these lands Vinland (grassland). Many scholars believe that Columbus learned of this discovery as a young sailor on one of his voyages to Iceland on the 1460s. Finally, the late 12th century has yet another explorer claiming the discovery of a new world. In 1170, Prince Madoc of Wales made two trips to North America after the death of his father, the king of North Wales. On his second trip, he returned to the New World with ten shiploads of settlers. The most popular theory is that Madocs colonists intermarried with the Indians and eventually migrated to the Dakotas, they were known as Mandan Indians, Mandan being the corruption of Madagwys, as the followers of Prince Madoc were called (Jackson, 78). President Thomas Jefferson, no less, told Lewis and Clark to keep an eye pealed for those Welsh Indians when he sent the explorers out in 1804. And Meriweather Lewis later reported that he had found the tribe (Parshall, 3). George Catlin, the American artist who lived with the Mandans for part of 1832, was persuaded that they were Madocs people by their fair complexion, blue and gray eyes, language parallels, and similarities in the round wicke r boats favored by both the Mandan and Welsh tribes (Jackson, 78). The story was considered as fact in many American book and also different events and memorials were built on this chronicle. To conclude, the discovery of America can be attributed to many different explorers. It was the combination of explorers and discoveries that resulted in the development of the Americas. Each of these explorers deserves to be celebrated and honored for their accomplishments. Without their combined efforts the American continent may never have become the place it is today. America was never undiscovered or forgotten as some of the Columbus supporters claim. Columbus used his knowledge of the earlier discoveries to continue previous attempts to colonize America. To attribute the whole discovery of the now promised land is not right and accurate historically. As shown above, facts tell us about discoveries of the land made before Columbus. Therefore, the history and the people should recognize all of those who contributed to the eventual creation of the new world.

The Mexican State of Chiapas Essay example -- Culture History Historic

The Mexican State of Chiapas Historically, the preservation of culture and the progress of development have been conflicting ambitions. Mexico, in particular, has been a frequent witness to the violent clash of the Old and New Worlds ever since European explorers set foot on American soil in 1492. In particular, the Mexican state of Chiapas has resisted the desecration of Mayan culture for the past 500 years, culminating in the Zapatista Revolution that began on New Year’s Eve of 1994. This paper seeks to explore both the chronology of the Mayan fight for political and educational autonomy, as well as detail the historic reformation of the past decade. Mayan culture is one of the most ancient in the world, with origins reaching well into 1500 B.C. The Mayans inhabited various regions throughout Central and Latin America, though most were centralized on the Yucatà ¡n Peninsula in southern Mexico. The Mayans were innovators in agriculture, art and architecture, and were organized into small villages run by tribal councils. The Spanish conquest of the late 1400s and early 1500s forced a horrific halt to the traditional Mayan way of life. The human cost of the European conquest of the ‘New World’ was horrific. When quantified, the genocide becomes a multiple of the Holocaust by ten†¦Of an estimated 100 million indigenous people who populated the Western Hemisphere from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego before the Conquest, 40 million resisted the genocide and survive today. The Europeans not only killed those Indians who resisted their colonization, but the introduction of foreign disease alone accounted for close to a million deaths in the early years of the Spanish conquest. Though it drew little interest... ... Equality†. < http://www.greatdreams.com/pablo.htm> (23 May 2004). Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), 2. Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), 13. John Ross, Rebellion from the Roots (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), 120. Blake Bailey, â€Å"A Chiapas Decade: Zapatistas Perspective†. (23 May 2004). Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998), 190. Blake Bailey, â€Å"A Chiapas Decade: Zapatistas Perspective†. (23 May 2004). â€Å"Why We Reject the San Andres Accords† (22 May 2004). (22 May 2004). (22 May 2004).

Cultural Perspectives of the Country of Italy Essay

Italy has been a democratic republic since 1946 and it has a population of about 58 million. It is surrounded by Tyrrhenian Sea on the west and Adriatic Sea on the east. France, Austria are some of the countries that border Italy to the north. Italy is covered by sea and mountains â€Å"While Italy has a huge range of climates and natural features, ideal for mining, cultivation of crops, fish, livestock, and other natural resources, the majority of raw materials its industries require are imported† . The country of Italy has gone through many changes throughout its history and has been in the forefront of the European economic and political unification for a long time now. Though it has faced many obstacles, it has however remained patriotic and keen for union. Culture and lifestyle of Italy Italians are warm and welcoming people, who adore relaxing, celebrate and socialize with family and friends. Their celebrations and relaxations regularly happen around the table either at home enjoying their cuisines or out in a restaurant. â€Å"One thing visitors in Italy notice right away is the people’s openness and sociable nature. Italians have a love of life and enjoy life’s pleasure to the fullest† (Winter & Jermyn, 2003) Family is the guiding force and the focus for loyalty and this make the family very fundamental. Many families put a side a special day to spend time with other relatives for a special meal. The father is always regarded as the provider of all needs and interests and maintained his powers with firm orders. The mother was seen as subordinate and had the right to be heard in family plans and meditated between the father and often numerous children. The Italian’s family structure, food, native costume, music, and religion all play a major role in creating a definite culture that allows them to convey their behaviors in the general public as a whole. Italy is a country in Western Europe that is well known for its food and it is no accident that Italian cooking is so popular due to its rich flavor cuisine. Italians value home cooking so much and especially their pasta as their favorite cuisine. â€Å"Italians remain the largest known European consumer of pasta and cereals. â€Å"They have greatly eliminated such culprits as fats and animal proteins from their diets, as well as reduced their annual consumption of alcohol† (Mure. N. S. , 2008). Italians value the way they dress and it is a priority to them; their dressing is normally very conservative for both men and women. These dressing are always accompanied with elegant accessories which compliments their costumes very well. Religion The Romans worshipped many gods and goddesses before Christianity gained a firm grip on the Italians and that’s when the Roman Catholic Church came into existence and became the most powerful church in Italy. Catholic is the major religion with a majority of 85 percent of the population and just about 20 percent attend worship services unless there I any religious celebrations. The head of the church is the Pope who has full lawful, executive, and judicial powers and at the same time lives there. Their constitution allows for the freedom of religion and worship which is respected by the government. There has been a good relation among religions which has highly contributed to religious freedom. The history of the Roman Catholic Church is based as much on politics as it is on religion, and in some ways this holds true today. To expand the faithful, the catholic Bishops were confident to make their existence known among the ordinary people, and there were more urge to train more clergy and build more churches. â€Å"Though the mixture of religion with all the common events of life is anything but an error yet I could not avoid regretting that like heathens ancestors, the modern Italian had supplied the place of one great Master mover by a countless host f inferior agents† (Blunt 1823). The Vatican City is the head of the Catholic Church in the world that gave the region both spiritual and temporal power and that makes majority of Italians Roman Catholics though very few of them attend mass regularly. Rome has the most beautiful art of architectural and the best ancient churches are situated there. Cultural Holidays and the celebrations Italians always have a reason to celebrate in, whether it’s an historical event, holiday, or other festival. Italy has a large number of public holidays during the year and some of these have a religious background. The way they celebrate their holidays is one of the greatest tourist attraction worldwide. All this festivals are always accompanied by their cuisine which is always an essential part of the celebration. Sacred holidays like Christmas, Easter and Thanksgiving Day usually have their special foods that have been practiced over the generations. Same applies to other holidays that have also developed their own cuisine based on their tradition. These festivals are marked not only with indulging in good food but also share with the less fortunate in the society. Compared to other countries in the world, Italians public holidays are celebrated with parades that color the country and display their patriotism. Economy of Italy During the years, Italy’s economy has extremely prospered in that the country is able to import raw material for the countries industrial sector which has encouraged labor flexibility. â€Å"An economic miracle has indeed occurred in post way Italy, manifested by on of the highest growth rates in the world unbroken in its advance for nearly two decades and unmatched in its vitality in any previous period in its industrial history†(Hildebrand, 1965) Even though inflation has usually been a key test for Italy, it has been able to bring it down to levels that can be managed. Italy has very little to boast in agriculture but its economy has been highly lifted by the services and industrial sector which contributes the highest percentage of the economy. Growing family owned business has been the backbone of the economy and the northern part of the country concentrates with capitalistic economy, where the private sector companies account for the total productivity and profitability. Italy has the best world paintings which they exhibit and has been a good boost to the economy. †Venice is a beautiful sight to behold. Anyone wanting to linger in its romance, architecture and canals can find themselves immersed in Venice through the eyes of artist Marco Sassone† (Mure. N. S. , 2008). Industrialization of modern Italy from it inception until today, has been a classic case of even development. Italy has been known to be the largest producer of selected wines. People are invited to the wine tasting event which has attracted many people around the globe just to come and enjoy the art of grape cultivation and processing of the wines. Being a member of the European Union, Italy has taken an active role in European trade and has been the chief trade partner of majority of the European countries as well as America. Italy has the most favorable conditions for business investments and trading that has been able to attract many investors even though much of it is curbed by high levels of corruption and the mafias. Though since Italy adapted to the economic and monetary union requirements, it has experienced very low inflation rates. â€Å"Metals, fuel oil & railway equipment are fastest-growing Italian exports to U. S. while pharmaceutical preparations & precious metals lead American imports into Italy† (Workman 2007). Employment services have been customized recently and government has enacted a law that different organizations have to act as employment offices. Most Italians work for low wages and without any social benefits and protections; the most affected are women and the youth who experience higher rates of unemployment. This is going to create an aggressive room for the employment service and advocate to the public employment services to increase their effectiveness and to create networks with private organizations. Italy has a very well-organized and modern infrastructure and it has failed to come up with subways and more railways to facilitate the movement of goods. While most goods in Italy are always transported by road, the upgrading and improvement of the systems is a major interest to the government. â€Å"The government of Italy has began to address reform on the rail sector and has advanced more quickly than many European countries† (O. E. C. D. 2001). The railway system is also highly developed and this has made it the most preferred way of travelling for its punctuality, comfort and affordable to all commuters. The country’s impact on the US It is generally normal these days for other countries to adapt to the American culture and the introduction of this western culture to Italy has been very pervasive. Italy and America enjoy a warm and friendly relationship because of their efforts to fight terrorism. Most of the Italians have welcomed the American culture but despite all that they have been able to save their cuisine from the changes because they believe that their foods are healthier than the fast foods. Fast food restaurants have gained the peak in Italy which was mostly a common place in America. Italians have also tried to change their dressing and fashion which is most fancied by the young generation. Italy holds the most famous fashion designers in the world but despite all they still go for the American fashions because their clothes are very expensive for every citizen to afford. Most Italians went to America to escape poverty and they believed they would find a better life for their families and other went to work in search of better jobs to get enough money to go back to Italy. The ones that settle were able to completely mix with the Americans and were able to change their cultural behaviours in a way; some turned to criminals especially the mafias who decided to settle in America. There is so much to learn about Italy, their welcoming spirit and the wonderful and the architectural beauty of the country. The many musicians, the operas and even the painting are some of the things that make Italy a beautiful county. References Mure S. N (2008). Abbondanza: Specifically for those with a Passion for Everything that is Italian p. 1 Winter K. J. & Jermyn L. (2003). Italy: Cultures of the world, Volume 4 p. 57 Hildebrand H. G. , (1965). Growth and structure in the economy of modern Italy, p. 3-4 Workman D. (2007). Top Italian Exports & Imports: Most Popular Products Traded Between Italy & America. Retrieved December 9, 2009 from http:// international-trade-leaders. suite101. com Blunt J. J (1823). Vestiges of ancient manners and customs, discoverable in modern Italy and Sicily p. 2 Kwintessential: How Italian holidays are celebrated in Italy. Retrieved December 9, 2009 from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001). Regulatory reform in Italy, p. 31

Adult Mental Health And Professional Practice Social Work Essay Essays

Adult Mental Health And Professional Practice Social Work Essay Essays Adult Mental Health And Professional Practice Social Work Essay Essay Adult Mental Health And Professional Practice Social Work Essay Essay Within my assignment I will show my apprehension of mental wellness and the direct correlativity to my professional pattern. I will clearly specify and critically measure two of the dominant positions which are important in mental wellness theory and pattern, the biomedical and the societal causing position. By explicating my pattern with respects to the instance scenario 1 Ahmed, I will confirm my apprehension of both positions, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each by sing how I might set about and assessment and how I might turn to issues identified from the instance scenario including the impact of favoritism and the importance of anti oppressive pattern. I will grounds my cognition and apprehension of relevant issues including reflecting the position of the person, by pulling up an intercession program, including placing clearly my apprehension of the legal model within which I would pattern. Issues of mental wellness are approached from a assortment of different positions and utilizing a assortment of different nomenclatures. Many have the greatest assurance in scientific or biological attacks, whilst others prefer more holistic or societal attacks. The biomedical medical theoretical account of mental wellness has been dominant merely because the dominant profession is psychopathology. Psychiatrists are medically trained and hence tend to see the chief intent behind their work as the diagnosing and intervention of unwellness or upset ( Rogers and Pilgrim,2005 ) .The simplistic position of cause and consequence whilst good if you have broken your leg or have diabetes, is non the same for mental unwellness. There are organic encephalon diseases or unwellnesss such as epilepsy and huntingdon s chorea which may attest in symptoms frequently associated with mental unwellness ( Rethink,2007 ) and therefore it is critical that the possibility of underlying physical causes are examined. The bio medical theoretical account utilises thoughts of a individual underlying cause and hence intervention of the cause will take to a return to the pre bing province ( Wade and Hallingan,2004 ) .Another premise is of a normal bing province, and hence an ability to mensurate grounds of abnormalcy therefore reasoning with a diagnosing. Traditional bio medical theoretical accounts focus on the pathology of the unwellness instead than understanding the unwellness whether it is biological, societal or psychological. Criticism of the biomedical theoretical account is that it is a simplistic theoretical account in a really complex sphere. Reductionist accounts of mental wellness cut down mental wellness issues to the smallest possible factors, simplistic but clearly flawed ( Crossley,2006 ) . One of the most prevailing statements is the engagement of environmental factors in determining our behavior. A individual s environment can determine their behavior and this is a changeless procedure. An person may be born with certain cistrons but environmental factors such as society and a individual s household can determine farther behavior ( Nettleton, 2006 ) . In cut downing a construct to its constituent parts and simplest footings many of import facets are overlooked. Individual factors are difficult to explicate under reductionism, because reductionist accounts generalise behavior. Each person is alone and responds otherwise. A reductionist account would be genetic sciences, but the same behavior in two people could be caused by separate environmental and biological factors and hence restricting the reductionist account ( Crossley,2006 ) . Reductionist accounts can be utile, by cut downing complicated constructs to their constituent parts but sometimes this offers a simple solution to an otherwise more complicated job. For illustration giving anti-depressants to person who is depressed may look like the most favorable solution, but this may overlook the existent job such as mourning, fiscal or work jobs. Iatrogenesis is another sphere that is debatable for the bio medical theoretical account. Iatrogenisis is frequently associated with inauspicious effects ensuing from medical intercessions ( Heller et al, 1996 ) but can and is viewed as the direct consequence of the intercession which impedes a individual s recovery, and hence could include psychopathology which is the prevailing force in the bio medical theoretical account. Labeling with respects to mental wellness diagnosing is another unfavorable judgment of the bio medical theoretical account. Scheff ( 1999 ) understands mental unwellness as a consequence of social labelling. Simplistic put, society has positions on what is socially norm and acceptable, any divergence from these norms, consequences in a label of mental unwellness. The societal causing theoretical account suggests links between societal disadvantage and mental wellness jobs. These societal disadvantages are prevelant in many countries instruction, wellness, employment, income and societal inclusion. Poverty and societal category have been determined as the two important factors of societal causing and the nexus to mental unwellness ( Murali and Oyebode, 2004 ) . Lynch et Al ( 1997 ) found people populating with fiscal troubles on a long-run footing, were much more likely to endure from clinical depression than those who did non. Studies into mental wellness suggest there are stressors associated with low position and this creates an environment for increased hazard of developing mental wellness jobs. Payne ( 1999 ) in the 1999 PSE survey provides grounds that people who live with assorted facets of poorness, want, unemployment and societal exclusion are more likely to hold mental wellness jobs, although the relationship between hapless mental wellness and these facets are complex. I will analyze employment in more item. Research shows that less than 40 % of employers would see using a individual with a mental wellness issue ( Rethink, 2009 ) .Consequently the bias and favoritism people face as a consequence of a mental wellness diagnosing nowadayss jobs in itself. In 2002/ 2003The Citizens Advice Bureau conducted research sing societal exclusion and mental wellness and their consequences were blunt. 60 % of people with mental wellness jobs gave up work as a consequence of favoritism, bias and stigma. 61 % per cent of male grownups with a psychiatric upset are in full-time or parttime employment. Whereas the figure is 75 % of work forces with no psychiatric upset ( Mind,2010b ) . If an person has maintained a occupation or found employment so if they are affected by backslidings this once more impacts financially. With these statistics in head it is clear to see that many who experience mental wellness issues will besides be affected by economic adversity. Populating on province benefits and sometime s less, as a consequence of an inflexible benefit system, can besides ensue in a barbarous circle of want and poorness in all facets of their lives, non merely economic but in wellness, societal activity and engagement. The societal causing theoretical account defined within the societal theoretical account demands to be understood by practicians as it acknowledges the experiences of persons, every bit good as being the springboard for disputing the socio political environment which contributes to societal jobs, which in bend impact on an person s mental wellness. This is cardinal for practicians as one of the cardinal functions of societal workers is to dispute and defend societal and political alteration ( Horner,2006 ) .According to Rogers and Pilgrim ( 2006 ) race, gender and age are all countries of disadvantage than can be investigated via societal causing. This would back up the findings of several surveies which highlight the relationship between some of the identified countries and hapless mental wellness. Examples to exemplify these links are, Irish work forces have three times higher psychiatric admittance rates than the general population ( Fitzptrick, 2005 ) ; adult females are more lik ely to be treated for mental wellness jobs than work forces ( Mental Health Foundation, no day of the month ) and in research by Beecham et Al ( 2008 ) it was identified that fewer than 10 % of older people with clinical depression were referred to specialist mental wellness services compared with approximately 50 % of younger grownups. These blunt derived functions question the footing of these statistical differences and one account is societal causing. In recent old ages at that place has been a displacement in Mental Health statute law. Although the Mental Health Act 1983 remains the primary statute law, there has been the add-on of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 which provides a legal model to protect persons who lack, or may miss capacity. The Mental Health Act 2007 amended the MHA 1983 and the MCA 2005. Along with these amendments to statute law at that place has besides been a extremist displacement in policy paperss from cardinal Government. These policy displacements demonstrate the demand to understand mental wellness in a more holistic context. The accent is switching from strictly medical positions with a acknowledgment of how the societal position has an impact on a individual s mental wellness good being. A overplus of policies from authorities such as Undertaking Health Inequalities ( DOH, 2001 ) ; Working Together UK Action Plan on Social Inclusion ( DWP, 2008 ) and Child Poverty Review ( H.M. Treasury,2004 ) have been designed to undertake societal inequalities such as wellness, income, work and instruction every bit good as a acknowledgment for the demand for more individual centred attacks to presenting services. This does non take away from the clear message from statute law that hazard and public safety are of paramount importance. The arguments about attention or control and rights versus hazard are of all time present peculiarly with high profile instances such as Christopher Clunis and Michael Stone were polar in the alterations to the Mental Health Act in 2007. The Mental Health Alliance ( 2006 ) maintain that legislative reforms which enables persons to entree services within the mental wellness sphere when they need it, as opposed to enforcing intervention, would be a more feasible option and turn to the issue of hazard in a more proactive manner. The Mental Health Act 1983 still remains the overarching statute law sing mental wellness in the England today and is the lone piece of statute law that permits the detainment of an person before they have committed an offense and strictly on the footing that they might present a menace to themselves or others ( Golightly,2008 ) .The alterations in 2007 allowed for sanctioned mental wellness professionals instead than the traditional sanctioned societal workers. One could reason that if this is obliteration of the societal worker function and the move to further medicalise mental wellness ( as the sanctioned mental wellness professional can be wellness background instead than societal attention ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 might be viewed by some as beliing the Mental Health Act 1983. After all a individual suspected of holding a mental unwellness may carry through the subdivision 3 trial of capacity under the Act, and under the rules of the act is able to do unwise determinations, but the Act makes no judicial admission sing these unwise determinations. Clearly perpetrating a condemnable offense is an unwise determination and a individual perpetrating the offense could clearly cognize and understand their action and face effects laid down under condemnable justness statute law. Under the Mental Health Act a individual is non required to hold committed an offense to be detained, a intuition of possible injury to self or others is adequate to justify a subdivision 2 appraisal for nonvoluntary admittance. This sphere has been addressed with and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 amendment to the Mental Health Act 1983 whereby an person can non decline intervention if that intervent ion is deemed necessary under the conditions of the Mental Health Act in that the MHA efficaciously overrides the MCA if the individual is or deemed to be mentally sick. This is a contradiction sing any other signifiers of medical intervention for a physical status such as intervention for malignant neoplastic disease or extremist surgery ( if a individual meets the capacity appraisal standards ) , a individual can decline intervention for any other physical wellness status but non for mental unwellness as a individual can be detained to mandatory dainty. New Horizons is a transverse authorities programme which was launched in 2000 which identified non merely the demand of improved mental wellness services but the acknowledgment the importance of keeping good mental wellness and good being for everyone and screens childhood to old age ( DOH,2009 ) . It clearly recognises the impact of societal factors taking to turn to societal inequalities placing wellness, instruction and employment as of import factors in an person s well being and the impact on mental wellness. The Mental Health Act 1983 is the primary statute law which covers the appraisal, detainment, intervention and rights of people with a mental wellness status. Following the psychiatric theoretical account the practician would necessitate to do an appraisal of Ahmed s operation place the marks and symptoms which he is exhibiting for Ahmed these would be his twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours working he has rent arrears, public-service corporations have been cut off ; personal attention grounds suggests he lives on takeouts ; societal operation he is a lone wolf and he goes into the town Centre shouting seemingly aggressive ; ideas he appears to be holding psychotic beliefs that his female parent is non his existent female parent, and perchance hallucinations evidenced with him shouting, but non directed at anyone. The psychiatric theoretical account uses opinions of normal which are non nonsubjective, but on in agreement criterions of normal within a cultural and societal context ( Esyenck,1994 and Giddens,1997 ) . But the inquiry has to be who is the prevailing force in that society and how does this impact on persons from differing cultural backgrounds in the nipple of normalcy. Although the instance survey has non specified Ahmed s cultural background it is an country which needs due consideration. There are treatments sing psychopathology as being coloring material blind and civilization blind . Fernando ( 2002 ) examines the principle for these constructs in relation to hearing voices, and explains possibly cultural stereotypes which do non see multi cultural dimensions are responsible. Fernando ( 2002 ) draws upon the surveies associating to high proportions of British African Caribbean work forces being labelled as aggressive, possibly due to the visual aspect or reading of symptoms taking others to specify the symptoms within the mental wellness sphere ( Nazroo and King, 2002 ) . Fernando ( 2002 ) expounds farther by explicating this could besides be related to society norms. The norms are dictated by the predominant forces within society. When persons do non conform to societal norms they are capable to countenances in order to guarantee conformance this is apparent within the legal justness system a individual commits a offense a penalty a all right or community ser vice order or prison sentence is served. The analogues for mental wellness could be seen that if a individual does non conform so admittance to infirmary, intercession and intervention may be viewed as the countenances to diverting from those perceived norms. Risk direction is a extremely politicised country with the primary aim in the political sphere to pull off hazard, whilst improved results for persons appears to be in secondary ( Holloway,1996 ) . Holloway ( 1996 ) goes on to state in order to understand and hence pull off the hazard so as a practician you need a really elaborate apprehension of the person. Good pattern sing hazard direction is about a clear foundation for the determination and an outlook for the proposed result, every bit good as proviso for alteration if the intended result does non happen ( Petch,2001 ) . A treatment with Ahmed sing voluntary admittance for appraisal and intervention would be deemed appropriate given the appraisal. The Mental Health Act 1983 clearly provinces in subdivision 131 that voluntary admittance should ever be used if the individual is willing. Should Ahmed defy intervention and admittance to hospital so it would be necessary to turn to the demand for detainment under subdivision 2 of the act. This proviso is made with the understanding of 2 physicians ideally one who knows Ahmed possibly his GP, and an sanctioned mental wellness professional ( AMHP ) . Under the Mental Health Act 1983 subdivision 2 allows nonvoluntary admittance to infirmary for appraisal and intervention. Under subdivision 2 Ahmed does non hold the right to decline intervention. Once Ahmed is admitted to hospital so appraisal for a diagnosing would be paramount. The two diagnostic and categorization tools used in modern psychopathology are the DSM IV codifications and ICD 10 codifications ( Bolton, 2008 ) . Although there are differences in these codifications, the premiss for these codifications and results are the same. These codifications represent the bio medical theoretical account, the decrease of the unwellness to marks and symptoms to which a head-shrinker can find a diagnosing and intervention based on that diagnosing. Whilst this may be utile for organic encephalon upsets for the bulk of mental wellness jobs where there is no unequivocal biological status, the diagnosing merely reflects the person s contemplations on how they think and feel. The intervention program would be developed based on the assessment result ( diagnosing ) . Often intervention scopes are limited with a high accent on drug intercessions, where the primary aim is to brace Ahmed s mental wellness status in an attempt to return him to a functional province. This medicalised response and the usage of drugs could be viewed as a agency of societal control ( Rogers and Pilgrim, 2005 ) . By pulling on the theory of societal causing this would enable me to back up Ahmed to analyze the issues he is confronting in a non judgemental manner. Oppression and favoritism is observed in the lives of people from marginalised groups ( Dalrymple and Burke,1995 ) and as practicians we have an duty to dispute favoritism and subjugation. Personal experiences are clearly associated with societal, cultural, political and economic divisions and hence understanding these countries in context to the person is critical in understanding and disputing the subjugation and favoritism they may meet ( Adams et al, 2002 ) . The stigma attached from holding mental wellness jobs can non be underestimated. Research by the Department of Health Attitudes to Mental Illness in 2007 showed that whilst many of the negative pre conceived thoughts and beliefs held by society about people with a mental wellness unwellness were decreasing, but the alterations twelvemonth on twelvemonth were non important. T his may be due to instruction and apprehension of mental unwellness and the apprehension of the effects of favoritism and stigma. The Time to Change Programme ( 2008 ) is by its ain admittance, nationally and globally the most ambitious program to stomp out favoritism faced by people with mental unwellness. Stigma poses a menace to all facets of an person s life if diagnosed with a mental unwellness, they contribute to societal isolation, hurt and troubles deriving and keeping employment. In a study by Crisp and Gelder ( 2000 ) discovered there were consistent subjects of perceptual experiences of people who had a mental unwellness. Some positions were common amongst the several diagnosings, viz. they were hard to speak to and they were unpredictable to premises of being unsafe. Completing a Community Care Assessment in conformity with the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 would be necessary in order to place Ahmed s demands and how those demands would be best provided for. The appraisal would include information from Ahmed every bit good as important others where applicable and determine demand on a short and / or long term footing ( Sharkey, 2007 ) . The appraisal does non take away from the demand of some immediate intercession, to work straight with Ahmed to turn to some of the immediate issues such as his rent arrears ( which would instantly cut down the menace of eviction ) and acquiring his public-service corporation services back in topographic point. Acute and crisis services and intercession were designed to offer support in a less restrictive and stigmatizing manner than traditional formal of intercession such as mandatory admittance ( Golightly,2008 ) . Crisis intercession is a theoretical account of intercession which ideally prevents the state of affairs from deteriorating farther and physiques on bing resources and strengths in order to better the state of affairs ( Ferguson,2008 ) . This could help Ahmed s mental wellness and good being every bit good as his environment and other societal factors i.e. relationship with Dendranthema grandifloruom and neighbors. The intercession allows a recent Cochrane reappraisal found that place attention crisis intervention, coupled with an on-going place attention bundle, was a feasible option to hospital admittance for crisis intercession for people with serious mental unwellnesss and likely more cost effectual ( Joy at Al, 2006 ) . Working straight with Ahmed utilizing a undertaking centred attack would be ideal as it is a really practical based attack. The work is clip limited, structured and job focused ( Parker and Bradley, 2007, p.93 ) . An illustration for Ahmed might be: Result: Pay off rent arrears so no longer in debt. Rationale: this would instantly cut down the hazard of eviction every bit good as promoting Ahmed to take duty for his state of affairs in a supportive and empowering manner. Stairss: Agree a payment program with Ahmed that is manageable within current budget ( ?10 every 2 hebdomads ) Once program agreed Ahmed to see lodging supplier to hold payment program and bespeak an update every month on arrears. Pick up benefits every 2 hebdomads, on a Tuesday, and instantly pay 2 hebdomads rent at paypoint in station offices along with in agreement ?10 arrears and obtain reception. For the intent of this assignment I have listed some of the actions which could be identified in order to back up Ahmed. Pay off rent arrears. Benefits appraisal to guarantee Ahmed is claiming his benefit entitlement. Tenancy support worker in order to back up with occupancy related issues such as rent, public-service corporations and keeping a occupancy understanding. Support worker to help with increasing his contact and cut down societal isolation. This could be merely traveling out for a java or some other activity which Ahmed identified. To research if Ahmed has concerns sing psychopathology, and his reluctance to run into with the head-shrinker this is critical it may merely be he bury about the assignment or farther issues sing his construct of psychopathology. To work with Ahmed to research his ideas sing his female parent and measure the foundation for his ideas that she is non his female parent. To derive understanding on any other important relationships in the yesteryear ( there is reference in the instance survey of kids ) and the possibility of re-connection with his kids and wider household connexions. Re-connection with community whether this would be using self aid groups, categories which may keep a peculiar involvement or active battle in community/ voluntary undertakings to construct self esteem and assurance and develop a sense of intent and battle. Explore developing / employment options To back up Ahmed to get down a life narrative book or see psychological science intercession. To offer support to analyze Ahmed s current schemes of get bying recognizing his abilities through the strength theoretical account and back uping him to place any forms and how to cover with them. To develop a contract for future work in order to be clear of professional boundaries and outlooks from both parties and how intercession might look in the hereafter should this be required. Should the fortunes non better or go on to deteriorate so there is a possibility of seeking infirmary admittance either, voluntarily or in conformity with the Mental Health Act 1983. More people than of all time are being detained in infirmary under compulsory orders. Admissions to hospital under the Mental Health Act 1983 have risen by about 30 % in the past decennary in England. Harmonizing to a study from three national mental wellness charities, Rethink, Sane and the Zito Trust, this figure is a distressing contemplation of the attention for people with mental unwellness ( Kmietowicz, 2004 ) . A sobering idea for any professional. As a practician I have learnt that causes of mental wellness issues are frequently complex and can affect a combination of biological exposure, environmental factors, societal stressors, societal webs, supports and relationships, psychological orientations and learned behaviors. Coppock and Hopton ( 2000 ) province: each position on mental hurt and curative intercession has its ain internal logic ( p.175 ) and emphasize the importance of recognizing the options, otherwise, practicians are in danger of going a stiff in their patter n, non work in a individual centred manner. Having a critical position and apprehension of the assortment of theoretical positions and attacks sing mental wellness is good. It is clear that these positions whether biomedical or societal have added to our apprehension of mental wellness. The comparative virtues of the assorted positions are invariably argued, most characteristically by indicating out the restrictions of the differing positions. Such reviews can be productive but are merely a measure in a larger undertaking to develop broader positions that can be fruitfully integrate the different utile penetrations reached from each of a assortment of different points of position. A individual centred attack to mental wellness would look the optimal attack when analyzing mental wellness issues. It recognises the singularity of persons and histories for all the possible variables and their interactions from societal causing, emphasis exposure, gender etc. which would enable practicians to analyze issues within a broader holistic context, alternatively of stiff simplistic procedures of bio medical theoretical account ( Freeth, 2007 ) . Word Count: 4007

Management of Operations Supply Chain Management in Nintendo

Management of Operations Supply Chain Management in Nintendo Executive Summary In every organization operations management processes play a pivotal role in promoting the effectiveness of every activity in the firm. This study gives an analysis of the management operations in Nintendo. This is a company which is involved in the manufacture and sale of entertainment products all over the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Operations: Supply Chain Management in Nintendo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company’s effective operations management has significantly contributed to its success. In this case, the study will concentrate particularly on the supply chain operations involved in the company. This study begins with a brief overview of the company in question. This is followed by a critical analysis of the supply chain processes involved in the company. Finally, the study concentrates on the literature on the topic. Introduction Operations manageme nt refers to the management process associated with effective management of the activities which are involved in the production of goods and services in an organization. In every organization, the operations management managers play a very important role in facilitating the effectiveness of the organization. The major roles in operations management involve management and designing business processes and activities that are involved in production of the goods and services. In addition, operations management is also involved in management of materials, information, people and all the equipments which a business needs in production and delivering of the goods and services. One of the main operations aspects is the supply chain management. Supply chain management can be viewed as the network of the facilities and distribution options that are involved in the material procurement processes, conversion of the same to finished goods as well as distribution of these products in the market s o as to reach the customers at the right time, place, and form. In every organisation, the effectiveness of the supply chain management plays a very important role in facilitating the success of an organization. Strategic Goals and Objectives Nintendo has several objectives on which its future success is based. One of the main objectives of the company in the chain management is to reach as many people as possible in the near future without using the middle men in these operations. The company also intends to saturate its market with distribution centres where customers will be able to access the products without necessarily going through the middlemen. The last main objective of the company is to supply in the market price competitive products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company Overview Nintendo is one of the most successful multinational companies involved in the manufacture and sale of the entertainment products. Nintendo Company was founded by Yamauchi in 1889. Since then, this company has been dealing with manufacturing and marketing of entertainment products (Cohen 2009: 57). Nintendo is the longest running company in the industry of video game market (Anonymous, not dated par 2). The company has also dominated the market for a long period.  The company covers a significant market area in the world. It plays a significant role in maintaining economic stability. This is through employment creation and philanthropic activities. Over the past, this company has recorded a recommendable performance in terms of return. For instance, the company recorded revenue of 9.9 % increase in the year 2009 (Research Markets 2010: par 3). This was equivalent to an increase of 8.5% in profits. Nintendo’s Supply Chain As already noted, the supply chain is very important in any organization. Nintendo has a clear supply chain which has contrib uted to the company’s success. The organization of the supply chain operations plays a pivotal role in determining the success of an organization. Although the company has not exhaustively covered the global market, it has several centres in different countries which act as the centres of distribution in various countries. In America, the distribution centre is located in the North Bend (Jeff 2010, par 2). This is one of the most successful distribution centres for the company. The facility has been installed with the modern technology equipments, which has significantly increased its efficiency. Production activities take place at Japan after which the products are passed to various distribution centres. It is from these centres where the products are distributed to various parts to reach the customers.  In the chain distribution, the company’s distribution centres have the responsibility of ensuring that there is no variation between the orders and inventories. In other words, the distribution plays a major role in prediction of demand so that there is no excess or shortage in the supply chain. Wrong demand prediction can cause a company great losses through stock accumulation. Shortages can also lead to loss of customers.  Due to the company’s modernized distribution centres, it has been awarded as the best ware house of the year (Jeff, 2010: par 5). The company was recognized as one of the best performing in terms of customer satisfaction and services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Operations: Supply Chain Management in Nintendo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was characterized by high level of communication which eased the interaction between the customers and the suppliers. This ensured a clear supply chain process, which led to maximum consumer satisfaction. Over the past, the company has made several changes in the distribution process in an attempt to improve its services to the public. The Ordering Process The ordering process at Nintendo has improved drastically over the past. The company has adopted an automation of the ordering process. The automation of the ordering process in particular has increased the efficiency of the ordering process, which has enormously reduced the ordering costs. Nintendo America is one of the company’s centres which have recorded a recommendable performance in this field. This ware house has been completely automated, a thing that has eliminated the paperwork in the ordering process hence increasing the level of efficiency (Jeff 2010, par 6). Internet in Supply Chain In the contemporary business world, the internet has played a pivotal role in promoting the effectiveness of operations. Nintendo has integrated internet technology in the distribution chain. This has significantly contributed to improvement of the supply chain. Integration of internet in the supply chain operation s has a significant implication in reducing inventory requirements. Embracing the modern technology and internet in the supply has led to improvement of the supply chain in the company through various ways. First, the company has an opportunity to build a strong collaboration between the company and the members in the channel. We will also be able to reach our customers directly by eliminating the middlemen. Market Analysis Over the past, this company has been struggling to extend its services as wide as possible. One of the major steps which this company has ever taken in its efforts to diversify its market was in 1980 when it developed new markets for its products in United States. At the United States, the company launched subsidiary Nintendo of America Inc. in New York where the company recorded large sales.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meanwhile, the company made another innovation by introducing a portable video game (Jorg: 2029, 2009). This boosted the rate of development of its new market in U.S. From this point, Nintendo Company continued to expand in the global market, the fact which encouraged the company to invent more in the entertainment industry. Weaknesses in the Supply Chain Although the company has recorded a recommendable performance in terms of innovativeness, it has failed to satisfy its market. For instance, people have been complaining of shortages of Wii in some parts of the world. Although it has recorded several achievements, the company has some areas of weaknesses. These weaknesses have to some extent affected the company’s efforts to move forward. The first weakness of the company is its poor performance in handling online games where the competitors have recorded a better performance (Nick, 2010). This has undermined the reputation of the company in this field. We will try to improv e our supply chain efficiency on a continuous basis. We will collaborate with our suppliers to design new products and to reduce the time it takes to get new products into the production.  One of the main threats of the company is the presence of their competitors. In 1994, Sony’s entry in the market posed a great threat to our company. Soon after its entry into the market, Sony introduced a console which was more advanced than ours. This product posed a threat to the survival of our product in this field. Achievements of Nintendo in the Supply Chain Operations One of the main strengths of this company is its innovativeness (Popular Science, 2004, par 3). Over the past, the company has managed to eliminate monotony through frequent introduction of new products in the market. For instance, we recorded tremendous increase in sales after introducing Wii in the market. This high rate of innovations has been facilitated by intensive research. Our company has enjoyed various thin gs in the video games market over the past. One of the main opportunities of our company is its ability to detecting business opportunities (Diana: 56, 2010). For instance, rather than production of video games only, the company once attempted to conduct a taxi business and a hotel. The company pays much attention on new opportunities. This has contributed significantly to the success of the company.  We as a company has realized the necessity of paying more attention to the part of the population which does not use pour games. This opportunity has helped the company to increase the total sales significantly. Many companies have been making the mistake of overemphasizing on the maintenance of existing customers but paying little attention in the efforts to find new customers. In other words, our company has done enormously well in terms of market expansion. This attribute has played a major role in defeating our competitors. Literature Review The supply chain can be seen as a seri es of cycles which involves communication between the buyer and the seller (Chopra Meindl, not dated: par 7). The supply chain can be viewed in terms of their main processes. These include the Customer order cycle, Replenishment cycle, and the Manufacturing cycle. In the contemporary business world, the supply chain operations have undergone significant changes through technological developments. However, several companies have dipped into problems by adopting the new technology without making necessary arrangements, the fact which has made them to incur huge losses (Epiq, 2010: par 2). For instance, several companies have ended up spending more buy adoption of some of the procurement software due to ignorance (Epiq, 2010: par 2). However, these negative impacts can be overcome by adoption of these new methods slowly rather than just abruptly. This will enable an organization to make the necessary changes. A cycle view is very important while viewing the company’s supply cha in operations. The cycle view of the company’s supply chain helps an organization to define the processes involved in production and the owners of each process (Anonymous, 2011: par 9). The processes involved in the customer order cycle engrosses the customer arrival among others. Customer arrival implies that the customer reaches the location where they can access the choices available. In this case, the customer makes the necessary choice of the products they want. For Nintendo, this step involves selection of the entertainment product which is available from the distribution centres. In the customer order entry process, the customer informs the seller of the goods they want to purchase. This process also involves allocation of the products to the consumers. In case of the Nintendo Company, the customers receive the entertainment products from the distribution centres depending on what they have ordered and their location. The last step in this process is customer order rec eiving. It involves the delivery of the product to the customer. The cycle view of the company’s supply chain is very important especially when making decisions concerning the operations of an organization. However, this process may need some changes depending on the changes in the supply chain. For instance, the company is supposed to make appropriate changes in case the level of demand increases in order to satisfy new demand. Overview of the Models of Supply Chain Management Level one of the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, involves the planning and management of demand and supply. At this level, this company establishes the relationship between the resources and what is required. This aims at finding whether the two are equal. This helps in planning the demand and supply chain. This also includes management of the business rules. For instance, the increase in the demand in this company will disturb the equilibrium between the resources and demand. Demand wi ll exceed the resources. In some cases, the company may be required to make changes in terms of its product design and sales and support. For instance, more efficient ways may be employed in the sales support. This increases the ability of the organization to deliver more products within a short time. This will help in meeting the increased level of demand. The SCOR framework focuses on the implementation of the cross-sectional processes in the supply chain management (Lambert, 2008: 313). DCOR model on the other hand involves research, design, integrate and amend. DCOR concentrates on the organization of the operational steps for the product development (Lambert, 2008: 313). This contributes towards the provision of quality competitive goods in the market. Supply Chain and the Company’s Competitive Advantage The supply chain operations have significantly helped Nintendo in developing its competitiveness. Through the use of the modern technology, the company has managed to re duce the expenses involved in the ordering process. When paperwork is reduced in the transaction, this saves a lot of time and financial cost reduces. This has significantly helped the company in reducing the overall operational expenses.  Through clear supply management operations, the company has also managed to satisfy its customers. This has developed a competitive advantage over the other companies which has not adopted the necessary technology on their operations. Nintendo has also maintained a high level of innovation in its production operations. This has helped the company in maintaining a high level of performance. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can clearly be seen that the operations management plays a pivotal role in every organization. The success of every activity in an organization depends on the effectiveness of the operations involved. The success of any organization will largely be determined by the effectiveness of the operations management involved. A s already seen, one of the most important operations management operations in an organization is the supply chain management. However, the company still has some room for improvement on its operations involved in its supply chain operations. The company can improve its level of technology in various fields. For instance, it can also embrace the recent technological developments to improve production as well as the supply operations. These include reduction of the paperwork by computerizing the process of sending orders. This can significantly contribute to maintaining high level of performance in its operations. Reference List Anonymous. Not dated. Nintendo: Company Profile. [Online] Available at: http: //wii.nintendolife.com/companies/Nintendo. Anonymous, 2011. Supply Chain Management. [Online] Available at: scribd.com/doc/13821319/Notes-on-Supply-Chain-Management. Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. Not dated. Supply Chain Management. [Online] Available at: princesoft.ro/wiki.aspx?title=sup ply%20chain%20management . Cohen, D. 2009. Classic Video Games Blog. [Online] Available at: http://classicgames.about.com/b/2009/01/20/nintendos-founder-fusajiro-yamauchi-and-375-years-of-breaking-records.htm. Diana, D. 2010. The Right Sensory Mix: Targeting Consumer Product Development Scientifically. Netherlands: Springer Epiq. 2010. Supply Chain Operations. [Online] Available at: http: //www.epiqtech.com/supply_chain-Operations.htm. Jeff, H. 2010. Supply chain update: state-of-the-art direct distribution at Nintendo of America. [Online] Available at: bus.wisc.edu/grainger/newsletter/pdfs/may2001.pdf. Jà ¶rg, Z. 2009. Wii Innovate How Nintendo Created a New Market Through the Strategic Innovation Wii. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Lambert, D. 2008. Supply chain management: processes, partnerships, performance. USA: Supply Chain Management Inst. Nick, S. 2010. Nintendos Online Weakness Is a Big Turn-Off for Developers. [Online] Available at: businessinsider.com/nintendos-online-weakness- is-a-big- turn-off-for-developers-2010-1. Popular Science, 2004. Top 100 tech innovations 2004, Vol. 265, No. 6, ISSN 0161-7370, Bonnier Corporation. [Online] Available at: https://books.google.com/books?id=fwAAAAAAMBAJdq=Weaknesses:+Nintendo+Co.,+Ltd.source=gbs_navlinks_s. Research and Markets, 2010. Nintendo co., ltd. -SWOT analysis. [Online] Available at: researchandmarkets.com/reports/570207/ . Slack, N. 2004. Operations Management. (U.K.): Pearson Education, Limited,